Agricultural Study Materials

Cropping systems- what is Cropping systems- what is Sequential cropping system- what is Intercropping System- what is Alley cropping- what is Season based cropping system- what is Mixed cropping

Farmers resort to cultivation of a number of crops and rotate particular crop combinations. More than 250 cropping systems are being followed in India, of which 30 cropping systems are more prevalent. Some of the important cropping systems are: 1. Sequential cropping system: Growing crops in sequence within a crop year, one crop being sown […]

Agricultural Study Materials

Seed treatment – what is seed treatment – what is meant by seed treatment- what are the type of seed treatment – How is seed treatment done- what is seed dressing in agriculture – what is uses in dressing of seeds – what is Seed coating- what is Seed pelleting

Seed treatment Seed treatment is usages of specific products and specific techniques to improve the growth environment for the seed, seedlings and young plants. It ranges from a basic dressing to coating and pelleting. Seed dressing: This is the most common method of seed treatment. The seed is dressed with either a dry formulation or […]

Agricultural Study Materials

Seed – what is seed- what is seed in simply world – Functions of seeds

seed’ (in some plants, referred to as a ‘kernel’) is a small embryonic ’plant’ enclosed in a covering called the seed coat, usually with some ‘stored food’. Seeds fundamentally are a means of reproduction and most seeds are the product of ‘sexual reproduction’, which remixes genetic material and ‘phenotype variability’ that ‘natural selection’ acts upon […]

Agricultural Study Materials

Drainage- what is Drainage- what is drainage and type of drainage – what is mean by drainage – what are the four type of drainage – what is Surface drainage- How is surface drainage done-what is Sub surface drainage

Drainage it is a removal of water from the field as a moisture control mechanism. •Drainage and irrigation are important aspects to be understood by the farmers •Drainage provides desirable environment in the crop root zone •Necessity of drainage is felt when there is excess water in root zone •Source of excess water are •Uncontrolled […]

Agricultural Study Materials

Centrally sponsored micro irrigation scheme- How do I apply for pmark scheme – whan was micro irrigation launched – what is Salient Features- what is Structure of Scheme

It is clear from the above diagram that drip irrigation is the most efficient irrigation in terms of water use efficiency compared to all other methods. Flood irrigation method is found to be the most uneconomical irrigation method in terms of water use efficiency when compared to all other methods. In order to popularize micro […]

Agricultural Study Materials

Furrow irrigation- what is Furrow irrigation- what is Advantages of furrow irrigation- what is Sprinkler irrigation- what is furrow irrigation Advantages

•Furrows are small channels, which carry water down the land slope between the crop rows. •Water infiltrates into the soil as it moves along the slope. •The crop is usually grown on the ridges between the furrows. •This method is suitable for all row crops and for crops that cannot stand in water for long […]

Agricultural Study Materials

Various methods can be used to supply irrigation- what is water to the plants- what is Surface Irrigation- what is Basin Irrigation- what is Maintenance of basins- what is Advantages of furrow irrigation

Various methods can be used to supply irrigation water to the plants •Surface irrigation: •Basin irrigation •Furrow irrigation •Sprinkler irrigation •Drip irrigation Surface Irrigation Surface irrigation is the application of water by gravity flow to the surface of the field. •Either the entire field is flooded (Basin Irrigation) or the water is fed into small […]

Agricultural Study Materials

Irrigation- what do you mean by irrigation – what are the 3 type is irrigation – what is irrigation process- what is irrigation type of irrigation – what are the consider in planning of irrigation

An adequate water supply is important for plant growth. When rainfall is not sufficient, the plants must receive additional water from irrigation. Points consider for irrigation decisions •Land suitability for irrigation like slope •Effective rainfall: Part of the total rain is useful for crop production •When to irrigate: Decide based on soil, crop and climatic […]

Agricultural Study Materials

Conservation- what is important Soil conservative- what is Conservation farming- what is Vegetation and vegetative management- what is Best practices to control soil blowing- what is Shelterbelts for moderating microclimate- what is Overland flow management- what is Zero tillage- World nurture Conservation day

World nurture Conservation day July 28 Conservation is the utilization without wastage of resources is required to ensure a high level of pro-duction. Important soil conservation measures are •Conservation Tillage •Minimum tillage •Zero tillage•Stubble mulching •Trash farming Conservation farming •Farming across the slope •Strip cropping •Rotations •Mixed cropping and intercropping •Surface mulching •Timely farm operations […]

Agricultural Study Materials

Soil erosion- what is soil erosion in short answer- what are causes of soil erosion- what is the process of Soil erosion- what is Erosion by water- what is Sheet erosion- what is Gully erosion- what is Stream channel erosion- what is Wind erosion

Soil erosion is the detachment and transportation of soil material from one place to another through the action of wind, water in motion or by the hitting action of the rain drops. •When the vegetation is removed and land is put under cultivation the natural equilibrium between soil building and soil removal is disturbed. •The […]

Agricultural Study Materials

Soil and Water Conservation- what is Soil and Water Conservation- what is Degradation of soil and water takes place with water and wind erosion- what is Several factors are responsible for runoff- Soil types- what is Sandy soil- what is Clay soil- what is Silt loam, loamy and fine sandy loam- How vegetation reduces runoff

Soil and water are our precious heritage. Hence, it is obligatory on our part to protect and hand over these resources to further generations. It is estimated that about 50% of the cultivated area in India suffers from severe soil erosion and requires remedial measures. •Water resources are essential for increasing and stabilizing crop production. […]

Agricultural Study Materials

Coping options for farmers- How can we solve farmers problems – How can we protect farming – what is the best farming method – what do framers need most- what is Integrated Farming System – what is Enlarging the Food Basket- what is Neem, Mulberry & Cowpea- what is Straw Thatching

Access to information •Progressive Farmers •ATMA extension functionaries – Block Technology Manager, SMS, farmer friend, Farm School •Trained input dealers •Agri Clinics and Agribusiness Centers •KVK •Agricultural Research Stations •Agricultural Universities •ICAR Organisations •Kissan Call Centers (Toll free no.1551 or 1800 – 180 – 1551) •Concerned NGOs •Agribusiness Companies •Radio, TV, Agricultural Magzines, Community Radio, […]

Agricultural Study Materials

Change in pest and disease scenario due to climate change- How does climate change affect pests and disease- what is impact of climate change on pests – How do you think climate change will affect pests disease and weeks

•Due to increase in rainfall: Pests like bollworm, red hairy caterpillar and leaf spot diseases may increase.Due to increase in temperature: Sucking pests such as mites and leaf miner may increase. •Due to variation in rainfall and temperature: Pest and diseases of crops to be altered because of more enhanced pathogen and vector development, rapid […]

Agricultural Study Materials

Climatic factors- what is climatic and factors- what is Climatic factors and crops- what is Climate and seasons- what is Climate, cropping pattern and agricul-tural production issues- what is Important agricultural related factors responsible for climate change- what is Expected impact of climate change on agriculture- what is Impact of climate change in India

Climate and agriculture •Monsoon is a key source of water in agriculture •Most of our rivers are seasonal fed by the monsoon; even irrigated agriculture depends on monsoon. •Cropping pattern has evolved over years based on climate. •Market forces influence cropping patterns in recent times. Climatic factors and crops •Rainfall drives water availability and determines […]

Agricultural Study Materials

Soil conditionsFactors influencing decisions on the selection of crops and cropping system- what is climatic factors – Soil conditions- Cropping system options- Past and present experiences of farmers- Expected profit and risk – Economic conditions of farmers including land holding –

Climatic factors Is the crop/cropping system suitable for local weather parameters such as temperature, rainfall, sun shine hours, relative humidity, wind velocity, wind direction, seasons and agro-ecological situations? Soil conditions Is the crop/cropping system suitable for local soil type, pH and soil fertility? Water •Do you have adequate water source like a tanks, wells, dams, […]

Agricultural Study Materials

General Conditions for Cultivation of Crops- what are the conditions for growing crops – Increase in productivity and profitability can be achieved through

Agricultural Universities, Research Institutes, Krishi Vigyan Kendras have been generat-ing ample technologies to improve the productiv-ity and profitability of the farmers. How many of these technologies are reaching the farmers? Base-line Situation Assessment conducted by Partner-ship farming in India, in Gujarat and Maharashtra, clearly indicated that farmers with access to techni-cal knowledge on agriculture realized […]

Agri manufacturing

Sexual Reproduction in Flowers – Parts of flowers

Pre-fertilization: structures and events The hormonal and structural changes in plant lead to the differentiation and development of floral primordium. The structures and events involved in pre- fertilization are given below Male Reproductive part – Androecium Androecium is made up of stamens. Each stamen possesses an anther and a filament. Anther bears pollen grains which […]

Agri manufacturing

Sexual Reproduction In Plants

Sexual reproduction involves the production and fusion of male and female gametes. The former is called gametogenesis and the latter is the process of fertilization.recall thesexual reproduction in algae and bryophytes. They reproduce by the production of gametes which may be motile or non motile depending upon the species. The gametic fusion is of three […]

Agricultural Study Materials Nammazhvar வரலாறு

இயற்கை விவசாயி அய்யா நம்மாழ்வாரின் வாழ்க்கை வரலாறு

நம்மாழ்வார், தஞ்சை மாவட்டத்தில் 06 ஏப்ரல் 1938 ஆம் ஆண்டு பிறந்தார். இவரின் தந்தை ச. கோவிந்தசாமி மற்றும் தாயார் அரங்கநாயகி என்கிற குங்குமத்தம்மாள் ஆகியோர்கள் ஆவார்.(சான்று த.ரெ.தமிழ்மணியின் நம்மாழ்வார் வாழ்க்கைக் குறிப்பு நூல்) இவர் அண்ணாமலைப் பல்கலைக்கழகத்தில் விவசாயத்தில் இளங்கலைப் பட்டம் பெற்றார். 2007 ஆம் ஆண்டு காந்திகிராம பல்கலைக்கழகம் இவருக்கு அறிவியலில் மதிப்புறு முனைவர் பட்டம் தந்தது. கோவில்பட்டி மண்டல மழைப்பயிர் ஆய்வகத்தில் 1960ஆம் ஆண்டு ஆய்வு உதவியாளராக பணியில் சேர்ந்து ஆய்வகங்களில் நிலவும் […]