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DISEASES OF BARLEY DISEASES CAUSAL ORGANISM Leaf rust Puccinia hordei Stem rust Puccinia graminis f.sp. secalis Stripe rust Puccinia striiformis Covered smut Ustilago hordei Loose smut Ustilago nuda Powdery mildew Erysiphe graminis f.sp. hordei Bacterial leaf blight Pseudomonas syringae pv. Syringae Barley stripe mosaic Barley stripe mosaic virus (BSMV) 1. Stem rust — Puccinia graminis […]
Aphid, Aphis craccivora Hemiptera, Aphididae They are small-sized insects (2 mm long), pear shaped, green, greenish brown or greenish black in colour. Adults are mostly wingless but few winged forms also seen. It has 12-14 generations per year Nymphs and adults suck sap from tender growing shoots, flowers, causing stunting and distortion of the […]
CARDAMOM Shoot/panicle/capsule borer Conogethes punctiferalis (Pyraustidae: Lepidoptera) It is a serious pest of nurseries in Tamil Nadu, Karnataka and Kerala. Alternate hosts are castor, turmeric, guava, mulberry etc. Larvae bore in to pseudostem of seedlings and feed on nursery plants and young tillers in plantation. Infestation is indicated by the presence of entry holes plugged […]
Onion Onion Thrips,Thrips tabaci (Thripidae: Thysanoptera) It is a major cosmopolitan thrips injurious to onion and garlic. Nymphs and adults remain in dense at leaf bases and whorls of onion and feed by lacerating the tissues and imbibing the oozing cell sap. Infested onion develops a spotted appearance on the leaves; subsequently turning into pale […]
PESTS ON SPICES AND CONDIMENTS CHILLIES Chilli thrips Scirtothrips dorsalis (Thripidae: Thysanoptera) Thrips cause severe damage in areas where chilli is cultivated as a dry crop. It also attacks on tea, acacia, prosopis, castor, cotton, mango, onion, groundnut, pomegranate, pulses, brinjal grape vine, Citrus sp. and numerous weeds. Both nymphs and adults lacerate leaf tissues […]
PESTS ON SUGARCANEEarly shoot borer – Chilo infuscatellus (Crambidae: Lepidoptera) P refer 1-3 months old crop. Caterpillar enters the stem by making holes above the ground level. Formation of “dead heart” is the symptom. Affected plants can be easily pulled out. Rotten portion of the dead heart emits an offensive odour. High temperature, low humidity, […]
MANGO Mango hoppers Idioscopus clypealis, I. niveosparsus, Amritodes atkinsoni (Cicadellidae: Hemiptera) Hoppers are the most destructive pests of mango. Hoppers are active throughout the year, but abundant during hot months of May to June and cold months of October to January, synchronizing with flowering of mango trees. When inflorescence appears, hoppers start laying […]
PESTS ON PULSES Gram pod borer –Helicoverpa armigera Noctuidae: Lepidoptera It is a serious pest of chickpea, pigeonpea, pea, mungbean, urd bean, lentil, soybean, cowpea, cotton, sorghum, okra, maize, tomato, bhendi and sunflower. Larva – polyphagous Feed on the foliage, when young and on the seed in later stages with their body hanging outside. A […]
GUAVA Tea mosquito bug Helopeltis antonii (Miridae: Hemiptera) Fruit borer/ Castor capsule borer Conogethes punctiferalis (Pyraustidae: Lepidoptera) Guava fruit flies Bactrocera diversus (Tephritidae: Diptera) Whiteflies, Aleurotuberculatus psidii (Aleyrodidae: Hemiptera) Aphids, Aphis gossypii (Aphididae: Hemiptera) Mealy bugs, Coccus viridis and Ferrisia virgata (Pseudococcidae: Hemiptera) Guava scales Chloropulvinaria psidii (Diaspididae: Hemiptera) Bark borer, Indarbela tetraonis (Metarbelidae: Lepidoptera) […]
Millets are indigenous to many parts of the world.The most widely grown millet is pearl millet, which is an important crop in India and parts of Africa.Finger millet, proso millet, and foxtail millet are also important crop species In India, various alcoholic beverages are produced from millets.[31] Millet is also the base ingredient for the […]
Beneficial insects and mites belong to three categories: predators, parasitoids, and pollinators. Predators capture and eat other organisms such as insects or mites. Predators include ladybird beetles, ground beetles, lacewings, syrphid (hover) flies, aphid midges (Aphidoletes) and yellowjacket wasps. Parasitoids are insects that parasitize other insects. The immature stages of parasitoids develop on or within its […]
Qualities of honeybees which make them good pollinators Body covered with hairs and have structural adaptation for carrying nectar and pollen. Bees do not injure the plants Adult and larva feed on nectar and pollen which is available in plenty Considered as superior pollinators, since store pollen and nectar for future use No diapause is […]
The thorax consists of three segments viz., pro, meso and metathorax and each bear onepair of legs called fore, middle and hind legs respectively. Legs are the principal organ oflocomotion and they have undergone many modifications and have been adapted to wide rangeof functions. The generalized insect leg consists of six segments. 1. A basal […]
Mouth parts of insects have many variations in structure and function depending upon theirfeeding situations. Insect mouthparts are broadly classified into two groups:- Mandibulate type (Biting types) (Feeding on solid food) Haustellate type (Sucking type) (Feeding on liquid food) I. Mandibulate types1. BITING AND CHEWING TYPEEg.: Cockroach, Grasshopper, Beetles, Larva Labrum: Rectangular plate like Mandibles: […]
ENTOMOLOGY DEFINITION: Entomology is the scientific study of insects. The word ‘Entomology’ is derived from two Greek words ‘Entomon’ meaning insects and ‘logos’ meaning study It is a branch of zoology dealing with Origin & evolution of insects and their diversity & classification, body organisation and function, development, interaction with surroundings in which they live, […]