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Charging system The mechanical energy of the engine is converted into electrical energy by means of a Generator. This electrical energy is stored in the battery. The generator is driven by the engine crankshaft. To control the current flow, regulators are used. An ammeter is used to measure the current. The generator is also called […]
Starter motor drive mechanism The ratio between the starting motor pinion gear and the ring gear in engine flywheel is varied from 1:10 to 1:15. For example, if the ratio 1:15 means, the flywheel will rotate 1 revolution when the motor pinion rotates 15 revolutions. Once, the engine is cranked, then the speed of the […]
Ignition system 1. To supply a spark inside the cylinder, at the end of compression stroke, to ignite the compressed charge of the air-fuel mixture. 2. Convert low tension current into high tension current. (6v to 12v in to 20,000 to 30,000v) 3. To produce spark in the multi cylinder engine at the right time […]
Parts of Battery The following are the important parts of a battery 1. Container 2. Plates 3. Separator 4. Cell cover 5. Electrolyte 6. Terminal post Container The container is a single piece moulded part made up of hard rubber or bituminous. The container will house all the internal parts of a battery and holds […]
Tinkering Tinkering is performed to removedents, scratches, chemical erosion,environmental erosion occurred on the exterior surface. This will improve the aesthetic appearance of the vehicle. Tools used for tinkering 1. Gas and Arc welding unit2. Alloy steel sheets3. New chassis sub frame to bereplaced4. Sheet metal cutter5. Spray painting gun6. Required matching colour7. Thinner8. Emery sheet9. […]
Chassis In an automobile, all the subsystems excluding the body is called as Chassis. Construction of the chassis The layout of various subsystems is shown in the figure. In the present manufacturing of the vehicle, the body is separately fabricated and it is mounted over the chassis. The importance subsystems that are connected in the […]
What is Body of Vehicle? Body is the superstructure for all vehicles. It may either constructed separately and bolted to the chassis or manufac tured integral with the chassis. • The chassis and body make the complete vehicle. • A body consists of windows and doors,roof, luggage compartment,passenger seats etc. • A body should be […]
1. Wheel base Wheel base is the distance between the centres of the front and rear wheels. 2. Wheel track Wheel track is the distance between both the front wheels or rear wheels measured from the centres of tyres. 3. Front over hang Front over hang is the distance between the front bumper and centre […]
Chassis Frame The various parts of the vehicle are mounted on the chassis frame. The chassis frame must strong enough to withstand total weight of the vehicle. The chassis frame carries engine, clutch, gear box,Propeller shaft, rear axle, suspension,steering gear box and brake. Frame is fixed with two longitudinal bars and four or five cross […]
Front Axle Front axle carries the weight of the front part of the vehicle. Front axle includes axle beam stub axles with brake assembly, track rod and stub axle arm to steer and brake the vehicle. To accommodate front engine and to provide stability and safety,the centre portion of the axle is dropped. It is […]
Independent Suspension system Independent Suspension systems are commonly used in the front axle. When a wheel climbs a bump, the other wheel will travel in its own path.Hence,the vibration will not be transmitted from one wheel to another which leads to smooth ride to the passenger. Types of Independent front suspension system 1. Wishbone or […]
Steering gear box • The case which holds the steering gear is called as steering gearbox. • The Rotary movement of the steering wheel is converted into reciprocating motion of the steering linkage. The driver easily turns the stub axle either left or right side with the help of steering gear box. Types of steering […]
Wheel Alignment It refers to the angular relationship between the front wheels and parts attached to it with that of car frame. Wheel alignments ensure that all four wheels are consistent with each other and are optimized for maximum contact with the surface of the road. Aim of wheel alignment 1. To turn the steered […]
The most conventional steering arrangement is to turn the front wheels using a hand-operated steering wheel which is positioned in front of the driver to allow it to deviate somewhat from a straight line . The system allows a driver to use only light forces to steer a heavy vehicle. Front axle carries the weight […]
Air suspension system These types of suspension systems are commonly used in a long-distance vehicle like buses. Due to the benefits of the air suspension system,nowadays this system is widely used in many vehicles. Schematic representation of this type of air suspension system is shown in the figure . It consists of four air springs […]
In this type, wheels are mounted on the two sides of the axle. Leaf spring or coil spring is mounted in between the chassis frame and axle. One end of the leaf spring is attached rigidly usually the front, and the other end is attached through a shackle as movable. The vibration is absorbed by […]
Coil Spring Its simple layout can be seen in the figure. In this type one end of the spring is fixed with the frame, another end is fixed with the lower control arm.When the vehicle rises over a bump the spring gets compressed and it will absorb the energy. When the vehicle gets down from […]
Leaf Spring This type of springs is widely used in light and heavy commercial vehicles. Construction A leaf spring is built with number of leaves. The leaves are placed one over the other, and are held together by clamps and a bolt at the center. The leaves are usually given an initial curvature or cambered, […]
During normal operating conditions, for stopping the vehicle foot brake is commonly used. However, during emergency or dangerous situations when the foot operated brake loses its ability to operate correctly, then hand brake is used to stop the vehicle. Moreover when the vehicle is climbing down on lower roads and when the vehicle is under […]
Anti-lock brake system – ABS Brake system Generally the purpose of the brake is to reduce the speed of the vehicles within a particular distance. The brake system which is presently used in automobiles provides the required braking force for controlling the speed of vehicle. However,nsuddenly or unexpectedly when the vehicle is stopped, the vehicle […]