Introduction: The term ‘Fiscal Economics’ is a new one; the old and popular term of the subject is ‘Public Finance’. The subject Public Finance is related to the financing of the State activities and it discusses the financial operations of the Government treasury. The term fiscal is derived from Greek word which means basket and […]
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The French Revolution
In the 18th century, Europe was ruled by monarchs of various dynasties, and they wielded absolute powers. Along with the nobility and clergy they enjoyed hereditary privileges. In France the clergy and nobility did not pay taxes like the common people. It was in this context that the French Revolution occurred and stood for liberty, […]
Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN)
ASEAN was established on 8 August 1967 in Bangkok by the five original member countries: Indonesia, Malaysia,Philippines, Singapore and Thailand. Later Brunei Darussalam, Vietnam, Laos and Myanmar and Cambodia joined. Besides ten members of the ASEAN, there are six “dialogue partners” which have been participating in its deliberations.They are China, Japan, India, South Korea,New Zealand […]
South Asian Association For Regional Co-Operation (SAARC)
The South Asian Association forRegional Co-operation (SAARC) is an organisation of South Asian nations, which was established on 8 December 1985 for the promotion of economic and social progress, cultural development within the South Asia region and also for friendship and co-operation with other developing countries. The SAARC Group (SAARC) comprises of Bangaladesh, Bhutan, India, […]
World Trade Organization
The WTOwas established in1995 as a successorto the GATT. It is a new internationalorganization set upas a permanent body and is designed to play the role of watch dog in the spheresof trade in goods and services, foreign investment and intellectual propertyrights. The Dunkel Draft, formulatedby Arthur Dunkel, its Secretary Generalbecame the base for WTO.Every […]
Protestant Reformation and Catholic Counter Reformation
The people of medieval Europe were mainly Christians who believed in the power of god. God-fearing Catholics accepted the role of the Church that acted as the medium between them and god. T he church became the focal point for all the activities of common people from birth to death. In due course of time, […]
Renaissance in Italy and its Spread in Western Europe
Significance of Renaissance The word Renaissance, of Latin origin, means rebirth or revival. It signifies the sudden revival of interest in the classical learning of Greece and Rome. In the course of development, however, the Renaissance became more than a mere revival of classical learning. It included an impressive record of new achievements in art, […]
Education, Science and Technology
(a) Education Education and health constitute the social sectors, and the status of education and health indicators are yardsticks for assessing the level of social development in a country. Literacy levels have increased in India from 18.3% in 1951 to 74% in 2011. Female literacy still lags behind the male literacy rate at 65% as […]
International Bank For Reconstruction And Development (IBRD) or World Bank
The World Bank The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD), otherwise called the World Bank(WB) was established in 1945 under the Bretton Woods Conference in 1944. The purpose is to bring about a smooth transition from a war-time to peace-time economy. It isknown as a sister institution along withthe International Monetary Fund. Themembership in […]
International Economic Organisations:
Introduction In the previous chapter, we have studied the basis of trade, gains from trade, terms of trade, BoP and foreign exchange. When trade takes place among countries, the developed countries always stand to gain and the LDCs suffer from adverse terms of trade as well as balance of payments and they affect their exchange […]
Faraday’s Laws of electrolysis
First Law: The mass of the substance (m) liberated at an electrode during electrolysis is directly proportional to the quantity of charge (Q) passed through the cell. i.e m α Q We know that the charge is related to the current by the equation I = Q t ⇒ Q = It ∴ m It […]
Glossary
1) Commercial Banks: These are the institutions that make short term loans to business and in the process create more. 2) Credit Creation: It means the multiplication of loans and advances. Commercial banks receive deposits from the public and use these deposits to give loans. 3) Non-Bank Financial Institution (NBFI): It is a financial institution […]
Monetary Policy
Monetary Policy is the macroeconomic policy being laid down by the Central Bank towards the management of money supply and interest rate. It is the demand side economic policy used by the government of a country to achieve macroeconomic objectives like inflation, consumption, growth and liquidity. The monetary policy gained its significance after the World […]
கல்வி, அறிவியல் மற்றும் தொழில்நுட்பம் சார்ந்த இந்தியாவின் வளர்ச்சி
கல்வி கல்வி மற்றும் சுகாதாரம் ஆகியவை சமூகத் துறையில் இடம் பெற்றிருப்பதோடு கல்வியின் நிலையும் சுகாதாரக் குறிப்பான்களுமே (Indicators) ஒரு நாட்டின் சமூகவளர்ச்சியை மதிப்பிடுவதற்கான அளவுகோல்களாக உள்ளன. இந்தியாவில் 1951இல் 18.3விழுக்காட்டிலிருந்த எழுத்தறிவு நிலை 2011இல் 74 விழுக்காடாக உயர்ந்துள்ளது. ஆண்களில்82 விழுக்காட்டினரும் பெண்களில் 65விழுக்காட்டினரும் எழுத்தறிவு பெற்றுள்ளனர்.ஒப்பிட்டுப் பார்க்கையில் எழுத்தறிவில் பெண்கள்பின்தங்கியிருந்தனர். தொடக்கக் கல்வி முதல் உயர்நிலைப் பள்ளி வரையிலான பள்ளிகளின்எண்ணிக்கை பெருமளவில் அதிகரித்தது.மேற்படிப்பு மையங்களின் எண்ணிக்கையும்பெருகிற்று. 2014-15இல் நாட்டில் 12.72 லட்சம் தொடக்க, உயர்தொடக்கப் […]
சுதந்திர இந்தியாவின் ஐந்தாண்டு திட்ட பொருளாதார வளர்ச்சி
ஐந்தாண்டு திட்டங்கள் ஐந்தாண்டு திட்டங்களின் மூலமாக வளர்ச்சிக்குத் திட்டமிடுவதில் இந்தியா சோவியத் யூனியனின் முன்னுதாரணத்தைப் பின்பற்றியது. பொருளாதாரத்தை வளர்ப்பதற்கான திட்டங்களை வடிவமைப்பதற்காக 1950இல் திட்டக் குழு (Planning Commission) நிறுவப்பெற்றது. ஒவ்வொரு திட்டமும் பொருளாதாரத்தின் செயல்பாடுகளையும், எதிர்கால வளர்ச்சிக்கு கிடைக்கப்பெறும் மூலவளங்களையும் மதிப்பீடு செய்தது. அரசாங்கத்தின் முன்னுரிமைகளுக்கு ஏற்றவாறு இலக்குகள் நிர்ணயம் செய்யப்பட்டன. வேளாண்மை, தொழிலகம், ஆற்றல், சமூகத்துறைகள் மற்றும் தொழில்நுட்பம் மற்றும் முழுமையான பொருளாதார வளர்ச்சியை குறிக்கோளாகக் கொண்டு பல்வேறு துறைகளுக்கு நிதி ஒதுக்கீடுகள் செய்யப்பட்டன. […]
Engine Ignition Mechanism And Starting Mechanism – How it Works
Ignition advance Mechanism In an engine, the spark is timed just before the piston reaches TDC on the compression stroke. This will ensure the peak combustion pressure is obtained just after the TDC. If the pressure rise is before the TDC, then it will result in a weak power stroke. If the pressure rise is […]
Construction of Ignition Coil, Spark Plug, Distributors, Ignition Switch Key – Parts Of a Ignition system
Ignition Coil The ignition coil is used to convert 12 V D.C. from the battery to 20,000V to 30,000V A.C. It works on the principle of Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction. It is also called as Step up transformer. The primary coil is made up of thick wires with 150 to 300 turns. The secondary […]
Banking
Introduction Finance is the life blood of all economic activities such as trade, commerce, agriculture and industry. A bank is generally understood as an institution which provides fundamental financial services such as accepting deposits and lending loans. Banking sector acts as the backbone of modern business world. The banking system significantly contributes for the development […]
How to Charge a Battery, What are all the methods available on charging
Battery Charging The battery is charged by the vehicle generator during vehicle running. When the engine is in off condition, the electrical device will utilise the stored electrical energy from the battery. This will quickly discharge the battery and it requires external charging to charge the battery. Method of Charging 1. Constant Voltage Method 2. […]