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DISEASES CAUSAL ORGANISM Fusarium Wilt Fusarium oxysporium f.sp.vasinfectum Verticilium Wilt Verticillium dahliae Grey mildew or Areolate mildew Ramularia areola Root rot Rhizoctonia bataticola Anthracnose Colletotrichum capsici and Glomerella gossipii Leaf blight Alternaria macrospora Boll rot -Complex disease F.monoliforme, C.capsici, A.flavus, A.niger Stenosis or Small leaf Phytoplasma (Mycoplasma like organism) Bacterial blight Xanthomonas campestris pv. malvacearum […]
DISEASES CAUSAL ORGANISM Seedling blight Phytophthora parasitica Rust Melampsora ricini Leaf blight Alternaria ricini Brown leaf spot Cercospora ricinicola Bacterial leaf blight Xanthomonas campestris pv. ricini 1. SEDLING BLIGHT – Phytophthora parasitica Symptoms The disease appears as circular, dull green patch on both the surface of the cotyledonary leaves. Later it spreads and cause rotting. […]
PESTS ON TUBER CROPS POTATO Cutworms, Noctuidae: Lepidoptera Common cutworm, Agrotis segetum Black cutworm, Agrotis ipsilon Spotted cutworm, Xestia C-nigrum Variegated cutworm, Peridroma saucia Feed on foliage Cut tender stem Larvae remain in soil Larva dark brown in colour Pupates inside the soil Adult – brown fore wings with spots and markings Potato […]
PEPPER Pollu beetle, Longitarsus nigripennis (Alticidae: Coleoptera) This is the most important pest in West coast area. It causes 30 to 40 percent loss in yield of pepper. Grub feeds on growing tip, tender stem, leaf petiole, spikes and berry. Tunneling of tender stem causes drying up of shoot. Portions of spikes tunneled by grubs […]
Onion Onion Thrips,Thrips tabaci (Thripidae: Thysanoptera) It is a major cosmopolitan thrips injurious to onion and garlic. Nymphs and adults remain in dense at leaf bases and whorls of onion and feed by lacerating the tissues and imbibing the oozing cell sap. Infested onion develops a spotted appearance on the leaves; subsequently turning into pale […]
PESTS ON SUGARCANEEarly shoot borer – Chilo infuscatellus (Crambidae: Lepidoptera) P refer 1-3 months old crop. Caterpillar enters the stem by making holes above the ground level. Formation of “dead heart” is the symptom. Affected plants can be easily pulled out. Rotten portion of the dead heart emits an offensive odour. High temperature, low humidity, […]
Meaning : Marketing activities are influenced by several factors inside and outside of the business firm.These factors influence marketing decision making are collectively called marketing environment. Definition : According to Philip kotler ” marketing environment refers to external factors that affecting the companies ability to develop and maintain successful transaction and relationships with the customer”. […]